[Taken From: A Classical Dictionary Of Hindu Mythology And Religion, Geography, History, And Literature.]
Yuga: An age of the world. Each of these ages is preceded by a period called its Sandhya or twilight, and is followed by another period of equal length called Sandhyansa, ‘portion of twilight,’ each being equal to one-tenth of the Yuga. The Yugas are four in number, and their duration is first computed by years of the gods: -
1. KritaYuga: 4000
Sandhya: 400
Sandhyansa: 400
— — — — — — — —Total: 4,800
2. Treta Yuga: 3000
Sandhya: 300
Sandhyanaa: 300
— — — — — — — —Total: 3,600
3. Dwapara Yuga:2000
Sandhya: 200
Sandhy&nsa: 200
— — — — — — — —Total: 2,400
4. Kali Yuga:1000
Sandhya: 100
Sandhyansa: 100
— — — — — — — —Total: 1,200
— — — — — — — —Total: 12,000
But a year of the gods is equal to 360 years of men, so
KritaYuga: 4800 x 360 = 1,728,000
Treta Yuga: 3600 x 360 = 1,296,000
Dwapara Yuga: 2400 x 360 = 864,000
Kali Yuga: 1200 x 360 = 432,000
— — — — — — — —Total: 4,320,000
years, forming the period called a Maha-yuga or Manwantara, Two
thousand Maha-yugas or 8,640,000,000 years make a Kalpa or night and a day of
Brahma.
This elaborate and practically boundless system of
chronology was invented between the age of the Rig-veda and that of the Maha-bharata.
No traces of it are to be found in the hymns of the Rig, but it was fully
established in the days of the great epic. In this work the four ages are
described at length by Hanumat, the learned monkey chief, and from that
description the following account has been abridged: -
The Krita is the age in which righteousness is eternal, when
duties did not languish nor people decline. No efforts were made by men, the
fruit of the earth was obtained by their mere wish. There was no malice,
weeping, pride, or deceit; no contention, no hatred, cruelty, fear, affliction,
jealousy, or envy. The castes alike in their functions fulfilled their duties,
were unceasingly devoted to one deity, and used one formula, one rule, and one
rite. Though they had separate duties, they had but one Veda and practiced one
duty.
In the Treta Yuga sacrifice commenced, righteousness
decreased by one-fourth; men adhered to truth, and were devoted to a righteousness
dependent on ceremonies. Sacrifices prevailed with holy acts and a variety of
rites. Men acted with an object in view, seeking after reward for their rites
and their gifts, and were no longer disposed to austerities and to liberality
from a simple feeling of duty.
In the Dwapara Yuga righteousness was diminished by a half. The
Veda became fourfold. Some men studied four Vedas, others three, others two,
others one, and some none at all. Ceremonies were celebrated in a great variety
of ways. Brom the decline of goodness only few men adhered to truth. When men
had fallen away from goodness, many diseases, desires, and calamities, caused
by destiny, assailed them, by which they were severely afflicted and driven to practice
austerities. Others desiring heavenly bliss offered sacrifices. Thus men
declined through unrighteousness.
In the Kali Yuga righteousness remained to the extent of one-fourth
only. Practices enjoined by the Vedas, works of righteousness, and rites of
sacrifice ceased. Calamities, diseases, fatigue, faults, such as anger,
&c., distresses, hunger, and fear prevailed. As the ages revolve
righteousness declines, and the people also decline. When they decay their
motives grow weak, and the general decline frustrates their aims.
In the Knta Yuga the duration of life was four thousand years,
in the Treta three thousand, in the Dwapara two thousand. In the Kali Yuga
there is no fixed measure. Other passages of the Maha-bharata indicate “ that
the Krita Yuga was regarded as an age in which Brahmans alone existed, and that
Kshatriyas only began to be born in the Treta.”
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